Sunday, March 8, 2020

Brother Robert Ben Schmidt


Robert Ben Schmidt History

Bob was born in Spokane, Washington to Benjamin Gustav Schmidt and Alma Bertha Rich.  I believe that Bob was born in Grandma Rich's home on 12th Avenue in Spokane, as I was, with the doctor coming to her home for the delivery, since that was common at that time, and less costly than going to a hospital.  Ben would have been working for the Northern Pacific Railway at that time, and with a home delivery, there was not the concern of him getting home in time to take Alma to the hospital.

Ben had been farming in the Spokane Valley, and had also worked at the Early Dawn Dairy.  After that, he was hired on to the Northern Pacific Railway as a railway clerk.  Most of his railroad career, he worked at a way station outside of the Kaiser Aluminum Rolling Mill in Trentwood.  The office was a pair of cabooses that had been set on a siding above the railroad tracks.  His job involved doing the "way bills" for the shipments that were coming out of the Kaiser plant, and making sure that the railroad cars had the proper documentation, and were headed for the correct place.

Bob and Helen and I got our first taste of work growing up with a farming family.  Our Dad always had a family garden, in addition to acreage which he farmed at times, notably a number of acres where he grew cucumbers to be used in making pickles.  That turned out to be a disaster, when the person that was supposed to make the pickles used the wrong kind of salt.  He used “iodized salt” which is the salt used for cooking and table use.  The iodized salt turned the pickles soft, and they all had to be dumped.  Many family members had worked in the fields to harvest the crop, including Mama. The work that the three of us did was the weeding and picking in the family garden, which was extensive.  That garden provided all of the vegetables for the year, much of which was canned for winter use.

Later on, when Daddy started building houses, Bob and I had the job of picking up the scrap lumber, and sweeping up the sawdust.  That later grew into driving nails, after he had cut and fit the lumber in place.  Rocks needed to be raked up, since the ground was loaded with small rocks that needed to be cleared where the lawn was to be planted.  The rocks went into the driveway area, by wheel barrow.  I did a lot of painting during junior high school, including the window frames and the screen frames.
In our teen years, Grandpa Schmidt hired Bob and I to carry the corn out of the field in “gunny sacks”.  Actually, Bob did the carrying when we worked together, and I loaded the sacks with corn.  I was not big enough to do the carrying at that time.  We also carried cantelopes from the field to the house where Grandpa packed them in the cases to take to market. He paid us 50 cents an hour, which we considered good pay.

Daddy's home building meant that we moved at least once a year during our school years.  We would live in one home while he was building the next one, then the first one would be sold, and we moved into the newly completed one.  Sometimes, we needed to move before the new one was completely finished.  That was the  case for the house we moved into when I started school.  We moved into the basement while the floor above was just the under layment, and the sawdust drifted down into the basement.  Fortunately, all of the moves were within one school district, so we didn't have to change schools all the way from "grade school" (elementary school today), through junior high and high school.

While we lived at the “motel” on Sprague Avenue in Opportunity, Bob and I sometimes were asked to work at the lumber yard next door.  We were paid the “huge salary” of 50 cents an hour, to do some relatively hard physical work, unloading presto logs, sheetrock, and coal from the railroad cars near Dishman.  We unloaded it from the rail cars, and loaded it into a truck, which we drove back to the lumber yard, then unloaded it into storage.  Sometimes we even made deliveries to the customers, loading the truck out of the storage yard, then unloading it for the customer at their home or worksite.

During junior high and high school, Bob had a job with a local cabinet maker.  Bob learned to use the power tools, and some of the fine detail woodwork that went into building cabinets.  He had the additional benefit of going fishing with his boss to local lakes in both Washington and Idaho.  That is where, I believe, he started his love with boating and fishing.  We previously had a few fishing trips with Daddy, with only minimal success.  We had also boated and fished when we had one summer at Newman Lake while Daddy finished construction of our next  house—and did his job at the railroad.   I think that was the house at Fourth and McDonald, which was only partially finished when we moved in. We lived in the basement with sawdust drifting down on us, before it was actually completed.

When the time came for Bob to fill out his draft papers, it was determined that he had a heart murmur.  That was good and bad.  Bad for his future health, but not a particular concern at the time.  Good because it meant that he was not considered healthy enough to be drafted, and did not have to serve in the armed forces during the Korean War.

One of the ministers at the North American Baptist Church on Arthur Street in Spokane which we "grew up in", was Walter Berkan who was married to Hermina Kramer.  Hermina had a sister, Arlis, who came out from George, Iowa to spend a summer with Walter and Hermina.  She later came back to Spokane to take nurses training.  She and Bob were married and had three children, Terri, Kevin, and Brian.

After graduating from Central Valley High School, Bob got a job at Appleway Chevrolet in Dishman.  That is where he learned the auto parts business.  There was some difficulty with the management there, with Bob passed over for promotions, and he left for a better situation.

I believe he was unemployed for a while after leaving Appleway Chevrolet.  That was when he went back to Iowa to work for Arlis’ Dad, who was a professional house painter.  Her Dad was a European trained painter, and insisted that the only way to properly paint a house was with a brush, working the paint into the wood thoroughly by hand.  That temporarily kept the family income going.  Arlis was also working as a nurse in Spokane (at Deconnes Hospital) during that time period.

Eventually, he got a position at Clay and Gable Auto Parts, and was very successful while there due to his knowledge of auto parts.  In addition to selling the parts, Bob could diagnose the car’s problems, and tell the customers what parts they needed, and even how to install them.  He became the parts manager and was well regarded for his knowledge and people skills.

I believe that the owners of Clay and Gable retired, and Bob went on to a very successful career as an instructor at Spokane Community College for parts marketing.  He was there for many years, and highly respected for his work.  When he retired, he took his retirement as an Annuity providing lifetime income.  That turned out to be an excellent decision financially.

After retirement, he had more time to spend with his growing family, working on his favorite toy, the red 1968 Chevrolet Malibu convertible, his boats, fishing, water skiing, and enjoying his children, grandchildren, and great grandchildren.

Over the years, Bob developed heart issues beyond just a heart murmur and had two heart valve replacement surgeries.  He recovered well after both surgeries, but eventually the valves began to fail and his health deteriorated.  He passed away in July 2019.


Friday, March 6, 2020

Grandfather Herman Schmidt and Mary Tobert

Herman Schmidt was born on September 24, 1885 in Zhytomir, Volhynia, Russia to Ludwig Schmidt and Helene Mueller.  Ludwig was 23, and Helene was 26.

Ludwig's father was Georg Schmidt and his mother Eleanor Kols.  Ludwig's birth record shows his birth date and birthplace as Nataliendorf, which would now be part of the Ukraine, but then part of Russia. I suspect that Georg's father was also Georg, and he may have emigrated from Poland.  There is a Georg Schmidt that was one of the early emigrants from Poland to Bessarabia.  I have found documentation for Great Great Grandfather Georg Schmidt, but I haven't found good documentation for the earliest Georg.

Ludwig and Helene had three boys, Herman, Wilhelm, and August.  Helene died at age 33 when the boys were very young.  Herman was seven, Wilhelm was 4, and August was 3.  Ludwig then remarried and had additional children with the second wife.  I do not know her name or have any documentation for the marriage.  I do have a picture that shows Ludwig, the three sons from Helene, the second wife and another adult female, plus a young boy standing next to her and a small girl on her lap.

The three older sons left for Canada as teenagers to avoid being drafted into the Russia Army, but also were probably tempted by information that Canada was welcoming the Germans to immigrate and settle there on homestead land.  This was prior to WWI, but their was a lot of fighting going on in Russia to try to hold onto lands that had been under Russia domination.  Many young Germans were forced into the Russian army, but not provided with much, if any training or equipment.  They essentially became "gun fodder" for Russia's wars.

I have not found any information as to what happened to Ludwig and his new family after the sons left.  They may have emigrated to Canada or America also, but without the name of Ludwig's second wife, I cannot determine that.  A couple of Ludwig Schmidt's did emigrate to North Dakota and to Canada, but the birthdates do not exactly match and so there are doubts that they are the correct Ludwig.  Herman and Mary did have communication with someone in the "Old Country" after WWII, sending packages with items that were scarce there.  But, after requests came for luxury items like nylons, they concluded that the need for basic items was lessened.  I remember some comments about a sister that was left behind, and she may have been married and not free to emigrate.

In Bessarabia, the three sons were sent to work on  neighboring farms, picking berries and other crops to help support the family.  Herman was only six years old when he started working with the neighbors.  However as they grew older and old enough to be drafted into the Russian Army, it became imperative to get out of Russia.  Herman was said to have tried to escape by train, only to be sent back when he was caught at the border.  Later, he and August were given the passports of two German boys who were killed in the Russian Army.  Using those as identification, they managed to get to the coastal port, probably Hamburg, and boarded ships for Canada.  Herman had told the family that when they left they only brought a potato for food.  Apparently Wilhelm left separately, also headed for Canada.

Herman spent several years in Winnipeg, where he met and married Mary Tobert on October 18, 1910.  They had a son and a daughter born there, Benjamin Gustav and Esther.  Later they moved to Birch Lake, Saskatchewan where they had a homestead and farmed.  William was born there on the farm.  Mary's brother also had an adjoining homestead.  The farming was not particularly successful, since the land was poor and the growing season short, and Herman went to work as a boilermaker in a gas plant in Bigger, Saskatchewan.

The First World War brought the Germans under suspicion and discrimination.  Herman was very proud of being German, and thought that Germany was the greatest country in the world.  In expressing his opinion, he was a bit too outspoken, and wound up in a prison for those thought to be disloyal.  While there, he built a "ship in a bottle" which has survived over the  years and is probably now in the hands of his great grandson Kevin (Bob Schmidt's son).

Herman and his family moved to Spokane, Washington on 27 March 1920, on the Canadian Pacific Railway train, entering the country at Eastport, Idaho.  While living in Spokane, in what is now, Spokane Valley, Washington, they had a daughter Ruth (6 March 1921) and son Robert Howard (29 October 1923).

Herman became a truck farmer, growing vegetables and fruit which he harvested, packed, and sold at the Farmer's Market in Spokane where the produce went to the grocery stores and restaurants.  He later also started building homes, eventually working with Ben (my dad) building a number of homes that Ben and his family lived in, while building another, each time again moving into the new home while building another.  Herman was his primary carpenter, and they worked well together.  Herman  continued to raise vegetables (corn and cantelopes) and fruit (raspberries and strawberries).  My  brother Bob and I helped in harvesting the crop as teenagers. Grandpa would pull the ears of corn and drop them in the rows, where Bob and I would load them into "gunny sacks" and haul them out of the field for packing.  We also helped with the cantelopes in the same way.

Mary passed away on December 3, 1957 in Spokane at the age of 66.  They had been married for 47 years.  She was diabetic and also had heart issues.

Herman passed away on September 28, 1966 in Spokane at the age of 81.  He had asthma, and heart issues.

Herman and Mary were buried at the Pines Cemetery in Spokane Valley, Washington.




Thursday, March 5, 2020

Grandmother Bertha Kison

Bertha Kison was born in Ritzville, Washington on October 18, 1893 to Friederick Kison (age 32), and Rosina Radke.

The Kison family was one of the founding families in Eigenheim and came from Kulm, probably about 1861, the year when Eigenheim, Bessarabia was founded.  They would  have had a farm there since the Germans had moved there to take advantage of the land offered by the Russians to populate and develop to put the idle land to use.  When they emigrated to Ritzville, Washington, they aquired land in Lind just south of Ritzville, and farmed, most likely growing wheat which the land was well suited for.  It is still a major wheat growing area.

Growing up on the farm near Ritzville, Bertha did not have a full education, and had to learn a lot of her reading and writing skills on her own.  An education for girls was not considered of much value, and she had plenty of duties at home, and those were the skills considered important for young farm girls who were expected to marry and stay in the home.  This did not prepare her well for having to earn a living outside the home.

Bertha married Reinhold Reich in the Salem Church in Ralston, Washington (Just south of Ritzville).  They moved to Spokane and had three children together, Alma Bertha (1913-2003), Elmer Reinhold (1914-1986), and Rose Marie (1918-?).

Note that Reinhold Reich changed his name to Rich before they were married, and all the children carried the name Rich.  (Rich is the English translation of Reich.)

Bertha was widowed in 1939, and lived alone, supporting herself by working as a scullery maid at a restaurant (working in the kitchen cleaning pots and pans and dishes) and cleaning homes for the wealthy Spokane families.  She married Emanuel G. Siewert (1897-1955) on July 18, 1946 in Spokane, and sold her house on 12th Avenue and moved into a large house that Emanuel had, along with his six children, Roy-25, Leona-22, Nora-21, Vera-17, Verna-?, Calvin-13. The youngest of the three, Lee Calvin Siewert, a son, tragically died at about 16 after drowning while swimming at Liberty Lake.

After Emanuel passed away, she sold the Siewert house and moved into a smaller home where she lived until Ben and Alma built a duplex in the Spokane Valley where she had her own home, just across the hallway from Ben and Alma.  Living together that way, Ben and Alma were able to look after her, share evening meals, and drive to church together at the German Baptist Church in Spokane on Arthur Street, which became a North American Baptist Church after the German name was changed.  She lived in the duplex with Ben and Alma until her passing in 1991.   Bertha died on February 12, 1991 in Spokane, Washington at the age of 97.

The Arthur Street Baptist Church was established for the area's Germans, and all services were in the German language.  Later, there were services in both German and English, with the older German members having a service in the basement, while the English language services were in the upper floor.  For several years Bertha's brother Simon preached the sermons for the German members. When the services were changed to English from German, this was a very traumatic period for the church.  Many members left the church over the issue.  Among those leaving was the Tobert family (Grandmother Schmidt's family) that moved their membership to a church in the Spokane Valley.

Bertha's oldest daughter Alma Bertha Rich (my mother) graduated from Lewis and Clark High School in Spokane.  Alma later went to business school to learn secretarial skills.  She had wanted to attend college, but that was out of reach financially at that time.  She married my father Benjamin Gustav Schmidt, and they had three children, Robert Ben Schmidt, Helen Marie Schmidt, and George Raymond Schmidt (myself).

Bertha's son Elmer graduated from Lewis and Clark high school in Spokane, as did Alma and Rose Marie.  Elmer joined the navy in WWII and spent some of his service time in Florida, where he met Caroline.  They returned to Spokane after he left the service.  Afterward, Elmer became the industrial arts teacher at Lewis and Clark for many years, teaching wood and metal working and drafting.  He also took side work as a brick layer.  One of the buildings for which he laid the brick was the new church that was built in Spokane for the North American Church, that replaced the old Arthur Street Baptist Church.  My brother Bob and I spent some time helping him by hauling bricks and mortar to the scaffolding where Elmer was working.

Bertha's youngest daughter Rose Marie went to work for the War Production Board (WPB) during WWII in Washington, D.C.  She married her boss Walter Barry, and they moved to Dallas, Texas.  Walter managed a farm machinery business there as part of Minneapolis-Moline.  Walt had a son from his previous marriage that lived with them.  Rose Marie and Walt had two children, Wayne Paul Barry (WPB), and Beverly.  Both still live in Texas.




Monday, March 2, 2020

Grandfather Reinhold Reich

Grandfather Reinhold Reich

Reinhold  Reich was born on November 16, 1883 in Elft, Bessarabia to Christian Reich age 37 and Maria Elizabeth Hirschkorn age 32.

The Reich family was among the German settlers who came to Bessarabia when the Germans were invited to settle their and establish farms with the aid of the Russian government.

His father Christian (My Great Grandfather) was born in Alt Elft, Bessarabia on February 16, 1846 to Samuel Reich (age 38) and Christine Jaess (age 20).  He  married Maria Elizabeth Hirschkorn and together they had seven children. After Maria's death he married Helene Kurz and had three more children.  He died in July 1892 in Alt Elft, Bessarabia.

Christian's father was Samuel Reich (My Second Great Grandfather) who was born in 1826 in Prussia to Gottlieb Reich (age 32) and Anna Maria Hamann (age 28).  He married Christian Jaess on November 4, 1843.  They had four children during their  marriage.

My Third Great Grandfather Gottlieb Reich was born on February 16, 1794 in Tornowa, Poland.  He married Anna Maria Hamann.  They had two sons and three daughters.  Anna Maria died in 1845 in Alt Elft, Bessarabia at the age of 47.  Gottlieb also died in Alt Elft (date unknown).

My Grandfather Reinhold Reich married Bertha Kison on December 14, 1911 in Ralston, Washington (near Ritzville, Washington).  They had three children, Alma Bertha (my mother), Elmer Reinhold, and Rose Marie.  Reinhold died at the age of 55 on September 18, 1939 in Spokane, Washington.

Reinhold left Eigenheim, Bessarabia and caught a ship named the S.S. Zeeland from Antwerp, Belgium at the age of 17.  It departed Antwerp on October 12, 1901, and arrived on Oct. 22 in New York.  His stated final destination was shown as Ritzville, Washington.

In a 1910 census document, he is shown as a boarder in Spokane, Ward 1.  His employment is shown as "Express Wagon".  I know that he owned a truck that he used in a moving business.  My brother Bob remembers the truck, but I was too young to remember that since he passed away when I was one year old.  In May 1917 he registered for the draft, and is shown as a Transfer Driver.  He had already married Bertha Kison on December 14, 1911.

He was Naturalized on February 20, 1919 while living at E. 1303 12th Avenue, Spokane, Washington.  He is described as White, Dark Complexion, 5 ft.5 inches tall, and 165 pounds.  Black hair, Grey Eyes.  That home is where I was born on January 14, 1938, where a doctor came to the house for the delivery.  The house still exists today.

Reinhold was interested in getting rich in the gold rush days, and acquired some gold mining equipment, and investing meager savings in gold stock.  None of this ever showed any success, and was a draw on the family resources.  His moving truck business was apparently not providing enough income to support the family.  Bertha supplemented the income by working in a restaurant (as a scullery maid), and later cleaned houses for those who could afford to pay for housekeepers.  The moving business was providing income until the large moving companies moved into the Spokane area, and he was basically forced out of the market for people who wanted moving services.

Out of his sense of failure and despair, he apparently took his own life by jumping off the Monroe Street bridge in Spokane.  His body was recovered from the river.  I have always had some suspicion that the employees of the large moving companies may have had something to do with his death, but that possibility was never pursued.




Sunday, March 1, 2020

Great Uncle August Schmidt

Great Uncle August Schmidt

August Schmidt was born on April 13, 1889 in Shitomir, Volhynia, Ukraine  (or Bessarabia) to Ludwig Schmidt and Helene Mueller.  He was the third of three sons (Herman, Wilhelm, and August).

He left Bessarabia, probably with Herman, and the two managed to "escape" using the passports given to them by a woman who had lost two sons fighting in the Russian Army.  The German immigrants had been promised that they would not have to fight in the Czar's army, along with other promises that were not kept. Herman had previously tried to escape but was caught and returned.  The two were attempting to avoid having to serve in the Czar's army, and were finally successful.

They first probably went to Hamburg, and travelled by ship to Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in 1911.  They spent  some time in Winnipeg, then moved to Birch Lake, Saskatchewan where Herman and his wife Mary Tobert acquired a homestead.  One of Mary Tobert's brothers also had a nearby homestead.

At some point both Wilhelm (Bill) and August changed their last names to Smith.  This was almost certainly to avoid the animosity of the Canadians toward the Germans during that time.  Bill told of being harassed in line while getting his homestead, with others pushing ahead in line, and getting first choice of land available.  He also told of having his hat pulled off and being called derogatory names.  When he finally got to the head of the line, he gave his name as Smith.

After some kind of family dispute, August left Canada and settled in Michigan, where he met and married Mariana (Mary) Pagel.  Mary had been married previously, and had children.  August and Mary had one child, Virginia,  together in Glen Burnie, Maryland.

His daughter Virginia Smith was born in 1926.

For many years after the family dispute, there was no contact between August and Herman.  However, there was a family chest that was maintained which reportedly contained pictures from the "old country" and documents that were kept secret from Virginia.  She was told to not get into that chest.  However, she did after several years take a look inside, and found photographs and Christmas cards that had been sent by Herman or Mary for several years, but never opened.  Virginia opened the cards and discovered that she had relatives in Spokane, Washington.  She sent a letter which was received by Herman and Mary's daughter Ruth.  Ruth and Virginia started a correspondence and became pen pals.

My parents, Ben and Alma went back to Glen Burnie by train for a visit, along with children Bob, Helen and George. I remember going by a one car trolley on a rail line from Baltimore to Glen Burnie where we met and spent several days with August and Family.  Subsequently, Herman and Mary went back and had a reunion with August.

Fortunately, or unfortunately, in my view, the nature of the dispute was never discussed, except that I heard that there was some giggles behind hands over the mouth, which may suggest that August may have gone "over the fence" in Birch Lake and thus got into trouble with the Tobert's and Schmidt's.

How I wish that I could see the contents of that family chest.  Mary also had one.  Virginia apparently never went back to look inside the chest.  After both August and Mary passed away, Virginia and her husband were preparing the home for sale, and temporarily place the two chests in an out-building.  While there someone broke in and stole the chests--undoubtedly just for the value of the chests, and probably dumped the contents as trash.  I contacted Virginia a few months after the chests were lost to see if she still had access to them and what might have been inside.  I was crushed to find out that they were gone without revealing the nature of the secrets, or what was in them or why they were kept secret.

August died in 1983 at the age of 94.  Both Virginia and her husband have also now passed away.  Virginia had a least one son.

Thursday, February 13, 2020

German Settlers in Ritzville, Washington in 1883




Volga Germans settle near Ritzville in 1883.

  • By Paula Becker
  •  
  • Posted 7/16/2006
  •  
  • HistoryLink.org Essay 7837
In 1883, a group of some 17 families led by Johann Frederich Rosenoff arrive in Adams County and settle near Ritzville. They are known as Volga Germans because they are German-speaking and German-identified former residents of Russia's Volga River valley. They become the nucleus of the Russian-German population in the area, which by 1930 comprises about one-fourth of Ritzville's residents.
Germans in the Volga River Valley
Many of these immigrants had farmed wheat, flax, and rye on the Russian steppes in the Volga River Valley. They were descended from some 25,000 Germans who in 1763 had settled there at the invitation of Catherine the Great. Volga Germans considered themselves to be Germans living in Russia, not Russians.  
An Illustrated History of the Big Bend Country Embracing Lincoln, Douglas, Adams, and Franklin Counties, State of Washington, published in 1904, includes a biographical essay of Alexander Rosenoff, one of Frederich's sons, who arrived in Adams County with the Rosenoff party at age 7.  The essay states: "The family has always spoken the German language, conformed to German customs, and in no sense were they Russians except in legally being subjects of the czar" (p. 842).  Many Volga Germans left Russia in the 1870s rather than be conscripted into the Russian Army. 
Leaving Kolb
The Rosenoff party left their home-village of Kolb in 1878 and traveled to Hamburg, Germany.  In Hamburg they boarded the SS Wieland bound for the United States.  Their final destination was Campbell, Nebraska, where they joined a larger group of former neighbors who had immigrated in 1876.  Johann Frederich Rosenoff was 40, his wife, Maria Katharina Achzinger Rosenoff, was 38, and their five children ranged between 5 and 19 years of age.
From Campbell the Rosenoff party moved to the Culbertson area about 120 miles west of Campbell, building sod houses and attempting to raise wheat.  But their unfenced fields were trampled by herds of cattle from Texas en route to northern markets, and severe drought made recovering the loss impossible. 
The group decided to move to Washington Territory, an act probably prompted by the prodigious amount of promotional materials being distributed at the time by the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railways.  Many Volga Germans were recruited to Washington and other Western states by agents of these railroads who traveled throughout the Midwest and even all the way to Russia to recruit settlers who would buy land along the railroad right-of-way.
The Rosenoff party traveled to Ogden, Utah, by train.  In Ogden they joined a wagon train heading toward Walla Walla.  The party did not travel on Sundays, instead observing the Sabbath and conducting church services in German.  They paused whenever they reached a settlement large enough to offer the men a chance to earn money as day laborers in order to replenish funds. 
Choosing Ritzville
While in Walla Walla, the families met Ritzville founder Phillip Ritz, who encouraged them to settle in Ritzville.  At the time the town consisted of a railroad depot, a storage shed, and about 60 people. 
The Russian-German immigrants found Adams County's semi-arid climate and ecology (called shrub-steppe) well-suited to raising wheat, which many had cultivated in Russia. Like other settlers there intent on planting crops, the Rosenoff party began digging up and burning sagebrush by hand.  The families settled on the western and northwestern edges of town.
Volga Germans In Washington
Volga German families settled not only in Adams County but also in other parts of the state, primarily in southeastern counties such as Douglas, Lincoln, Grant, and Walla Walla.  Despite a century of life in Russia, they had maintained an isolationist stance in their Russian villages, speaking German rather than Russian and having as little contact as possible with Russians.  In Washington they were able to transport their existing culture relatively intact to their new homes, both because the residents of entire villages frequently moved to the area en masse and because the existing population was so sparse.
The Russian-German immigrants brought with them extensive farming expertise as well as specialty skills: baking, brewing, carpentry, wagonmaking, and storekeeping.  Some of the men worked as laborers on the railroad or in construction.  Many were Lutheran, Catholic, Seventh Day Adventist, or Congregationalist.  Practicing Mennonites and Hutterites remained more culturally isolated, but Volga Germans of other denominations began to assimilate after one or two generations. 

Sources:
Adams County Washington Pioneer Edition (Ritzville: Ritzville Journal-Times, September 15, 1949), p. 5, 29; An Illustrated History of the Big Bend Country Embracing Lincoln, Douglas, Adams, and Franklin Counties State of Washington (Spokane: Western Historical Publishers, 1904); Timothy Egan, The Worst Hard Time (New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 2006), p. 63; The History of Adams County, Washington (Ritzville: Adams County Historical Society, 1986), p. 264; Ruth Kirk and Carmela Alexander, Exploring Washington's Past: A Road Guide to History (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990), p. 96; "United States Census, Washington State, Germans From Russia," Volga Germans website accessed July 5, 2006 (http://webbitt.com/volga/usa-census.html). See also: Richard D. Scheuerman, Volga Germans: Pioneers of the Northwest (Moscow: University of Idaho Press, 1980).

Emigration From Russia to Washington State

Germans From Russia and the Settlement in the State of Washington, USA
Schmoll, Betty L. "Germans From Russia and the Settlement in the State of Washington, USA." Unsere Zeitung Newsletter 25, no. 3, May/June 2000.

Migration from Germany to Russia
Altogether more than 100,000 Germans migrated to Russia from 1763 1871: 27,000 settled in 104 Volga River colonies; 500,00 in 200 colonies by the Black Sea and 28,000 started 139 villages in Volhynia west of Kiev. Two powerful impacts started the migration. One was the despair of the Seven Years War, the other a dazzling offer of free land.

There was utter poverty after the Seven Years War. Germany was weak; it did not have a central government. It was a patchwork of 75 principalities, 51 imperial cities and 1,475 areas ruled by knights. Subjects were serfs.

Now Czarina Catharine II, a former German princess, offered a glittering proposal of privileges and free land. By her Manifesto of July 22, 1763, the settlers were promised payment of traveling expenses, freedom of religion, freedom from taxes for 30 years, exemption forever from military service, continuance of the native culture and language, internal self government and free homestead land.

The Manifesto elicited a wide response, from 1763 1767 more than 6,000 families (27,000 people), mostly from Hesse and Rhineland, immigrated to the Volga. Later (1812 1842) others from South Germany settled along the Black Sea. Then (1816 1881) more Germans settled in Volhynia
The Volga Germans, the first immigrants, boarded Russian vessels at Lubeck, Germany and sailed the Baltic Sea to St. Petersburg. From St. Petersburg, they took two routes to Saratov, Russia ... one by land, the other mostly by river. Winter overtook them, and they were quartered with local Russians. In the spring, as the ice vegan to melt, they set out again for Saratov. Here each family received 80 acres, a wagon, plow, horses and tools. They were then dispersed to areas in the half savage Volga region where they built sod houses for their first cold winter in Russia.

Colonists in Russia
(1763 1871)
In their new land they faced a multitude of hardships. Crop failures tended to follow year after year, until the colonists became acclimated and learned how to cope with the land, the Russians and the marauders.

During the first 10 years capable ministers from Germany and Switzerland came to the settlements and taught economic as well as religious principles. Churches were built and the young were taught to read and write German, in the land of the Slav and Mongol tribesmen.
By 1800 the colonies began to blossom and became the agricultural pacesetters of Russia. Now they were efficient farmers and cattle breeders. Gradually, windmills and steam driven mills for grain and weaving were built, and dye works came into existence.

Eventually unease settled in. The Czar talked of taking away their rights of selfgovernment. On June 4, 1871 Czar Alexander 11 repealed all privileges, making it compulsory for German youth to be conscripted into the Russian Army. This was the final blow and families began looking toward America, because of glowing promises of emissaries for the American railroads who were sent to Russia to offer jobs and homestead lands in the United States.

Colonists left Russia
Slowly at first the Germans left Russia. The first group came to the Dakotas in 1872, then more to Nebraska in 1873, and the migration to America continued for the next 40 years. By 1920, nearly 300,000 Germans from Russia came to America. Of these 19,000 settled in Nebraska, 16,000 in Colorado, and 11,000 in Washington and Oregon. Kansas, Illinois, Michigan, Central California, Montana, Ohio, and the Dakotas, also had populations of these Germans. About 7,000 settled in South America; Canada claimed about the same number.

Those remaining in Russia were to suffer loss of homes, dispersion, purges and famine under Bolshevik and Communist rule. In 1941, when Hitler invaded Russia, Stalin put an end to the whole German settlement. Some were executed, the rest were moved eastward to Siberia. Their villages were taken over by the Russians; churches became community halls, and farm lands became communal.

Since the fall of Communism, the Germans have been allowed to return to their villages, however few have done so. The younger generations have intermarried with Russians and remained in Siberia or moved to larger cities for better job opportunities. Many of those who have retained their German culture and customs are moving back to Germany after enduring months and years of red tape in connection with immigration.

Russian Germans in Washington State
In 1882 a group of 16 Russian German families arrived in Washington Territory. The immigrants traveled by train from North Platte, NE to Ogden, Utah where they formed a
wagon train of 40 wagons and followed the Oregon Trail to Walla Walla, arriving in late summer of 1882. Surnames of those families making the trek were: Amen, Bastrom, Bauer, Dewald, Kranzler, Kembel, Kiehn, Michel, Miller, Oestreich, Rosenoff, Shaefer, Schoessler, Thiel, Wagner and Wolsborn.
After wintering in Walla Walla, some of the settlers moved on to Ritzville in the spring of 1883. By 1891 all the original members of the wagon train had moved to Ritzville. An annual reunion of the descendants of the wagon train is held in Ritzville on Memorial Day weekend each year. A horse drawn wagon and plaque in metal, sculpted by Lamar Thiel, have been placed near the old train depot in Ritzville as a memorial to the wagon train families.

Many more settlers came to Washington State... from the Volga colonies (1881, Liebental colonies (1890), Beresan Colonies (1891), Bessarabia (1892), the Volynian Swiss Mennonite colonies (1899), the Chortiza Mennonite colonies (1902), the Gluckstal colonies (1909) and the Hutterite colonies (1958). They came halfway around the world to find a better life.

While railroads and spurs were being built, town sites of Russian German settler sprang up... Odessa, Ritzville, Harrington, Marcellus, Packard, Krupp, Wilson Creek, Batum, Schrag, Endicott, Colfax, Lind and many more. The railroads needed the farmers and the farmers needed the railroads; thus with cooperation between the two, farming became beg business.

Just as the Germans had planted and prospered in the loamy soil of the Russian steppes in the 1800's, so 200 years later their descendants are the majority of farmers in Eastern Washington today.
There were also settlements in Western Washington, mainly Tacoma, Seattle, Bellingham, Ferndale, Dryad, Ridgefield, and Vancouver. The Germans in these towns found employment with the railroads, in lumber and sawmills and in factories.

The story of the AGSGR
A group of 42 descendants of Germans from Russia, interested in preserving their heritage, met in Denver, Co. on Sept. 8, 1968. After numerous meetings, the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia was formally incorporated on Dec. 20, 1968.

The early organizers were soon to find that there would be an overwhelming response to AHSGR. The first chapter was formed in Lincoln, NE in 1970 with over 100 charter members. New chapters soon began forming throughout the United States and Canada. Today there are 60 chapters in the United States, eight of them in the state of Washington.

Research and publishing are a major part of the AHSGR's work. The Society was formed primarily to record the history of its people, as records were not available from Russia
under the Communists. Members born in Russia and family memories were the main sources of information.

At the fall of Communism researchers quickly began to communicate with archives in Russia, and exchange was established... funds from the Americans to Russia, and records (as they were located) from the researchers in Russia to America. RAGAS (RussianAmerican Genealogical Archive Service) was established in 1992 and is a non profit organization registered with the Moscow Ministry of Justice. Many reports and records have been received through this service. Also there are individual researchers who have been sanctioned by the AHSGR, and many members have received family tree charts tracing their German Russian families back to their origins in Germany.

The AHSGR Heritage Center
In June of 1983 the AHSGR formally dedicated a new headquarters building at 631 D St., Lincoln, NE. 68502 1199. This building provides space for thousands of genealogical records as well as office and display space. This genealogical library houses the most extensive collection of Russian German information in the world. Records are continuously arriving from Russia, being translated from German or Russian by the Heritage Center, the Nebraska Historical Society and the University of Nebraska.
Property adjacent to the Heritage Center has been purchased, and a museum developed, including a restored summer kitchen, a chapel, and other buildings. Free tours are conducted daily. The location is in the heart of the South Bottoms, a preserved historical district where many of the Germans resided when they arrived from Russia.

The AHSGR and the Heritage Center have been created and perpetuated to assure that the history and culture of the Germans from Russia will be permanently preserved.

Other Russian German Societies
Germans from Russia Heritage Society (GRHS) 1008 East Central, Bismarck, No. Dakota 58501 (Black Sea Germans)
Society for German Genealogy in Eastern Europe (SGGEE) PO Box 72074, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2V 5119 (Volhynian & Polish)
Mennonite Heritage Center PO Box 393, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3C 2116
Sources for this history of the Germans from Russia are from information and articles
Paper compiled by Betty L. Schmoll, Seattle, Washington May 2000